9^th Global Ophthalmology Meeting May 04-05, 2022 Prague, Czech Republic

It is a healthcare profession that is autonomous, educated, and regulated (licensed/registered), and optometrists are the primary healthcare practitioners of the eye and visual system who provide comprehensive eye and vision care, which includes refraction and dispensing, detection/diagnosis and management of disease in the eye, and the rehabilitation of conditions of the visual system.

Colour blindness (colour blindness) is a reduced ability to detect colour or colour difference.  It can interfere with activities such as picking ripe fruit, choosing clothing and learning about traffic lights. Colour blindness can make some educational activities more difficult.

In most cases, color defects are caused by a genetic defect in the child. This is because some color-sensitive cells in the eyes, called cones, are lost or misaligned.

Retinal detachment is the most serious condition of the eyes that occurs when your retina - the layer of tissue behind your light-producing eye - is pulled away from the surrounding tissue. Doctors also call it a detached retina.

Since your retina may not function properly when this happens, you may have permanent vision loss if you do not get treatment immediately.

The red-eye (conjunctivitis) is a swelling or infection of the conjunctiva that covers the eyelid and covers the white part of your eye. When the small blood vessels in the conjunctiva become inflamed, they become visible. This is what makes the whites of your eyes look pink or pink.

Symptoms include redness, itching and tearing of the eyes. It can also lead to discharge or riming near the eyes.

It is important to stop wearing contact lenses during conjunctivitis. It usually resolves on its own, but treatment can speed up the recovery process. Allergen conjunctivitis can be treated with antihistamines. Bacterial conjunctivitis can be treated with antibiotic eye drops.

How it spreads by skin contact (shaking or hugging).

The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) and AREDS2 are major clinical trials sponsored by the National Eye Institute. The AREDS study is designed to learn more about the natural history and risk factors of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataract and to assess the effect of vitamins on the progression of these eye diseases  There are four types of age-related eye diseases (AREDs) that affect adults: glaucoma, cataract, macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. Learning about the symptoms and treatments for each of these conditions can help you to protect your own and that of an elderly loved ones.

Eye floats or dots in a person's vision appear to float when a person tries to look at them directly. They are formed by the vitreous of the eye, and in many cases, completely normal. The vitreous is a clear, gel-like substance that fills most of the eye.

Optical Imaging is a method by which light is used to obtain an investigative image of medical services.             Basically, optical imaging is of two types which are different imaging systems and a ballistic imaging system.     Some of the major examples are laser ophthalmoscopy scanning, optical coherence tomography, optical      microscopy and endoscopy, spectroscopy.

Digital Optics for Immersive Displays

Unconventional Optical Imaging

Optical Micro- and Nano metrology

Optical Sensing and Detection

Imaging in Biology and Medicine

Uveitis is a form of inflammation of the eyes. It affects the middle layer of tissue in the eye wall (uvea). Warning symptoms of Uveitis (vee-I-tis) usually come suddenly and get worse quickly. It includes redness of the eyes, pain and blurred vision. This condition can affect one or both eyes, and it can affect people of all ages, even children. Possible causes of uveitis infection, injury, or autoimmune or inflammatory disease. Often the cause cannot be identified. Uveitis can be major, leading to lifelong vision loss. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications and to maintain a positive outlook.

Anterior Uveitis

Intermediate Uveitis

Posterior Uveitis

Panuveitis Uveitis

Strabismus is a condition in which the eyes do not align properly when looking at an object. An eye that is focused on an object can take it in turns . The condition can occur occasionally or frequently. Strabismus can occur due to muscle dysfunction, blurred vision, brain problems, trauma or disease. Risk factors include premature birth, cerebral palsy, and family history of the condition. Types include esotropia, where the eyes are crossed ("cross eyed"); esotropia, in which the eyes divide ("lazy" or "wall-eyed"); and hypertropia when properly differentiated

There are different types of strabismus

Hypertropia is once the eye turns upwards

Hypotropia is once the eye turns downwardly

Esotropia is once the eye turns inwards

Exotropia is once the eye turns outward

Refractive, or optical, errors - myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism - cause blurred vision due to inability to focus on images on the retina. If left unchecked, its effects can be especially dangerous for children, as vision develops in the early years of life.

Gene therapy is a fast-paced method that controls genetic expression to treat disease. Often, through genetic therapy, genes are implanted in cells to reproduce protein production that may have been impaired due to a patient's DNA. These genes are usually presented with a vector designed to deliver genes to patients' cells. Ophthalmic genetics is a branch of ophthalmology that specializes in the field of research. Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA) is a genetic disorder that causes defects by birth in children. Scientists and doctors have treated the disease with the help of genetic engineering.

Genetics of Myopia Development

Gene Therapy

Usher syndrome

Familial exudative vitreous retinopathy

Retinoblastoma

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)

Optic atrophy

Genetics of Myopia Development

Ophthalmology is a medical department responsible for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of eye diseases and the visual system. It is a specialized medical field focused on eye health. It includes dementia, allergies and eye diseases. Historically, the science of ophthalmology has incorporated all aspects of visual function, health and illness The eye, its surrounding structures, and the visual system can be affected by many clinical conditions. Ophthalmology includes the diagnosis and treatment of such conditions, as well as microsurgery.

Diabetes retinopathy is an eye condition that can cause loss of vision and vision in people with diabetes. It affects the blood vessels in the retina (a layer that is sensitive to light tissue behind your eye). If you have diabetes, it is important that you get a thorough eye examination at least once a year.

Early diabetic retinopathy

Advanced diabetic retinopathy

Ophthalmic surgery is also known as ocular surgery is performed on the eye to treat a condition by an ophthalmologist. There are many types of eye surgery including corrective surgery — used to correct or treat ailments. Phacoemulsification is cataract surgery in which the inner lens of the eye is transformed. Glaucoma surgery

is performed to reduce the production of intraocular fluid. Oral surgery is considered mainly for eyelids or             orbit and the lacrimal system

Orbital decompression surgery

Tear duct surgery

Refractive surgery

Vision Correction Surgery

Retinal Replacement Surgery

Retinal Detachment Surgery

Cataract Surgery

Plastic Surgery

Glaucoma Surgery

Neuro-Ophthalmology is a specialized unit that focuses on eye-related neurological problems. As we all know, the human eye processes images and transmits them to the brain for processing. It is the optic nerve that transmits these visual aids and the malfunction of this function can cause visual impairment and can lead to irreversible damage.

Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI) includes all visual defects caused by injury or violation, visual retrieval methods without damage to advanced visual pathways, or any significant visual impairment. Visual problems can be defined as decreased visual acuity. There are a variety of eye problems and vision problems, myopia, halos, blurred vision etc.

Blurred vision problems will reduce visual acuity. It often interferes with a person's daily activities. Myasthenia gravis is caused by malfunction between nerves and muscles that stimulate both visions, hanging eyelids, and different muscle defects that affect both i.e. neuromuscular further vision.

Papilledema

Optic Neuritis

Optic Nerve Disorders

Optic Neuropathy

Tumors in the eye are usually secondary tissue caused by cancer that has spread from other parts of the body, especially the breast, lungs, intestines, or prostate. Two common types of tissue evolve within the eye itself and are known as retinoblastoma in children and melanoma in adults.

Retinoblastoma is a cancer of the retina, a tissue that is sensitive to light. This common eye cancer in children usually affects children under the age of five, affecting 500 to 600 in the United States each year. In about a third of cases, retinoblastoma appears in both eyes. While symptoms may not be present at the onset of the disease, increasing pain and loss of vision eventually indicate a problem.

Malignant melanoma most commonly occurs in adults aged 60 to 65 years, resulting from uncontrolled growth of cells called melanocytes. From 1,500 to 2,000 new cases are found every year in the United States.

Dry eye is a condition in which a person needs additional quality tears to lubricate and            support the eye. Tears are important for maintaining a smooth movement of the front surface and for giving a clear impression. Dry eye is a common and chronic problem, especially in more established adults. And a low visual impact that affects the step-by-step performance of a tyke or a low vision as the word indicates a state of being associated with surprising.

Optic and Radiations

Optical Power of the Eye

Optic Nerve Disease

Spectacle Lens               

Contact Lens

Biophysics of vision

Stereopsis: 3D Vision

This is a specialty in the prevention, treatment, and curing of paediatric eye diseases and vision health. Good eye care is important during childhood, as these are the years when eye-sight-related problems can arise as the eyes grow and can affect their future growth. Children's eyes are continuously growing until they are 8 years old.

Diseases affecting children's vision include hereditary eye diseases, paediatric uveitis, developmental disorders, and more. There are many genetic diseases that need to be scrutinize in the first place. Amblyopia is a disease that occurs as a result of reduced vision in the eye that has not received adequate use in childhood. Symptoms include tilt of the head, blurred vision, and improper eye movement.

The most common conditions affecting vision during childhood are:  congenital diseases ,amblyopia (known as lazy eye) ,strabismus ,inflammation ,infection

Retinopathy of prematurity

Orbital Trauma

Paediatric Cataract

Paediatric Glaucoma

Paediatric Optometry

Paediatric Vision Care

Childhood Malignancies

Congenital Cataract

Macular degeneration, also known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD or ARMD), is a medical condition that can lead to blurred vision or hallucinations during the visual field. During the early stages, there are often no symptoms but over time, some people experience a gradual deterioration of vision that can affect one or both eyes. Although it does not cause complete blindness, loss of central vision can make it difficult to see the face, drive, read, or perform other activities in daily life. Visual hallucinations can be seen but this does not mean any mental illness.

Macular degeneration commonly occurs in older people. Genetic and smoking factors also play a role. It is due to damage to the retinal macula.  Diagnosis is a complete eye examination. The difficulty is divided into early, medium, and late types. The latter version was further divided into "dry" and "wet" forms with a dry form making up 90% of cases.

A cataract is a cloudy area in the lens of the eye that leads to vision loss. Cataract usually develops slowly and can affect one or both eyes. Symptoms may include dull colours, blurred or double vision, halos around light, trouble with bright lights, and night vision problems. This can lead to difficulty driving, reading, or facial expressions.  Cataract blindness can also lead to falls and depression. Cataract causes about half of all blindness cases and 33% of visible disabilities worldwide.

A Cataract is more common due to aging but may also be due to trauma or radiation exposure, birth defects, or eye surgery. Possible factors include diabetes, long-term use of corticosteroids, smoking, prolonged exposure to the sun and alcohol. A basic inexplicit mechanism involves the accumulation of protein molecules or a yellowish-coloured lens that reduces light transfer to the retina behind the eye.  Detected by an eye examination.

Since ocular oncology is a very special field of ophthalmology, there is an effective international collaboration between ocular oncologists. Ocular oncology is a versatile service that includes general oncologists, paediatric oncologists, professional nurses, medical scientists, and many more. Severe symptoms including uveal and conjunctivitis melanoma, uveal metastasis, intraocular and conjunctiva lymphoma, and conjunctiva carcinoma. As well as confirmed treatment for malignant tumors, ocular oncologists found a large number of referrals for patients with suspected malignant tissue. Detection is based on biomicroscopy, ultrasonography, angiography, optical coherence tomography, auto fluorescence imaging, and biopsy. The most common malignant tissues include naive, chordal hemangiomas. Many of these lesions need treatment and/or long-term care. The eyelid and orbital tissues may be controlled within the services of oculoplastic or orbital specialists.

Anisocoria

Lagophthalmos

Night blindness

Uveitis

Macular degeneration

Heterochromia iridis

Hyphema

Aniridia

Iridodialysis

The eye is made up of delicate and fine tissues and every part of the eye does its job of maintaining its normal vision. The cornea is the limpid part of the eye that covers the front of the eye. It covers the pupil (the slit in the middle of the eye), the iris (the coloured part of the eye), and the inner chamber (the inside filled with eye fluid). The main function of the cornea is to extract, or bend, the light.

The term “corneal disease” encompasses a variety of conditions affecting the cornea, a clear outer layer. The cornea usually repairs itself after an injury or illness, but more serious conditions - infections, degenerative diseases, degradation - needs treatment.

If you have advanced corneal disease, you may need different treatments. Laser treatment to treat some corneal dystrophies and other conditions, doctors can use a type of laser treatment called phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) to reshape the cornea, remove red tissue, and improve vision.

Corneal Ulceration                                            

Corneal Transplantation

Corneal Neovascularization

Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage optic nerves, whose health is important for good eyesight. This damage is usually caused by unusually high pressure on your eye. Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of  blindness in people over 60 years of age. It can happen at any time but is most common in adults.

Open-angle glaucoma

Angle-closure Glaucoma

Laser trabeculoplasty

Trabeculoplasty

Viscocanalostomy

Surgical implants for glaucoma